Influence of station characteristics, urban surroundings and perceived safety on satisfaction and public transport ridership

Abstract

This paper proposes a public transport-based crowdshipping concept as a complementary solution to the traditional parcel delivery system, where public transport users utilize their existing trips to carry out crowdsourced deliveries. To analyze the impact of public transport-based crowdshipping, we conduct a case study in Nørrebro district in Copenhagen using real-world data. Three scenarios with varying percentages of crowdshipped parcels are developed to be compared with the traditional distribution mode. For each scenario, the distribution of noncrowdshipped parcels is formulated as a capacitated vehicle routing problem and solved by the adaptive large neighborhood search metaheuristic. Results show that applying public transportbased crowdshipping could reduce the total vehicle kilometers traveled, the total working time of drivers, and the number of used vans (drivers) to perform last-mile deliveries. Moreover, public transport-based crowdshipping has great potential to reduce the total costs including driving costs, external costs, labor costs, and compensation.