Quantifying Consumer Preferences for Vehicle-to-Grid Charging Across Europe

Abstract

The transition to electrified transport is reshaping the environmental and economic landscape, driven by technological advancements in electric vehicles (EVs) and charging infrastructure. Smart charging systems and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies offer opportunities to improve grid reliability, reduce costs, and mitigate environmental impacts through bidirectional energy flows. Implementing V2G presents challenges, including potential limitations on user flexibility and the need for strong coordination among all involved parties. Previous research has quantified consumer preferences for unidirectional smart charging, revealing compensationn needs, but studies on V2Gspecific preferences remain scarce. This study quantifies individual trade-offs for V2G across multiple European countries using stated preference experiments. We find that consumers prefer to charge at night and that higher-income drivers require more compensation for V2G contracts than low-income drivers, with preferences varying by country and demographics. This cross-country analysis provides novel insights into the challenges and opportunities for V2G technologies and how these vary between countries.