From space to personal attitudes: understanding car dependence in Lombardy (Italy)

Abstract

Car dependence is a prevalent barrier to sustainable and inclusive mobility which emerges from complex interactions between spatial and individual determinants. This research aims to bridge both approaches using spatial bivariate classification of car dependence and a subsequent exploration of inhabitants’ attitudes and perceptions. This is especially suitable at the research’s case study location, the Italian Lombardy region, which presents a diversity of spatial and socioeconomic settlements. The results reveal heterogeneity within and across different car dependence spatial clusters, challenging deterministic assumptions about car dependence based solely on socio-spatial factors. Key findings show that car dependence patterns become more diverse where car dependence attributes intensify, while personal insights add critical nuances to spatial metrics. In particular, results suggest that car dependence takes on different meanings across spatial contexts. The insights underscore the interplay between spatial and subjective dimensions of car dependence, offering a wider understanding of the phenomenon.