When Urban Policy Meets Technological Niche: MLP-Informed Lessons from Multi-City FCCP Initiatives

Abstract

European municipalities play a vital role in decarbonizing urban freight. This study explores the potential of Fuel Cell Cargo Pedelecs (FCCPs) as a more sustainable alternative to diesel-based and battery-powered logistics. Using the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) framework, it examines how FCCPs can transition from niche pilots into mainstream adoption, aided by supportive policy measures. An Interreg North-West Europe project trialed 35 FCCPs, generating data analyzed through mixed methods and Multi-Actor Multi-Criteria Analysis. Findings highlight FCCPs’ operational advantages—such as efficiency and positive public perception—alongside barriers like high costs, limited hydrogen infrastructure, and fragmented regulation. Coordinated efforts are required across all MLP levels: expanding refueling networks, streamlining certification, and incentivizing early adoption. By addressing these systemic challenges, municipalities can fully integrate FCCPs into urban logistics, contributing to cleaner, more resilient transport systems.