On the extension of Electric Bus Charging Infrastructure considering Charging Scheduling and Energy Pricing

Abstract

The shift to fully electrified public transport is essential for sustainable urban mobility, but efficiently deploying charging infrastructure remains a major challenge. Especially in the case when cities already have electric bus networks, expanding fleets to additional routes introduces critical operational hurdles. In that regard, this study introduces a strategic planning model to optimize charging station placement, considering existing charging infrastructure at selected depots. The model utilizes multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming, integrating fleet operations, installation costs, two different types of chargers (slow/fast) and electricity pricing. By addressing these interdependent factors, the model minimizes capital expenditures, operational costs, and deadhead times, facilitating cost-effective and efficient infrastructure expansion. A real-world application in Limassol, Cyprus, highlights the model’s utility in offering actionable insights for urban planners and policymakers, advancing the transition to sustainable public transport systems.