Mobility-Energy Resilience under Blackout Risk via Optimal V2G Management

Abstract

This study examines how Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) can either strengthen or weaken the resilience of electric demand-responsive transport (e-DRT) under blackout risk. We develop a blackout-aware resilient operation framework that evaluates fleet decisions over a 16-hour horizon under blackout uncertainty. Before blackout realization, the operator chooses routing, charging/discharging, reserve state of charge, and vehicle pre-positioning; after the disruption materializes, the fleet adapts to emergency power supply and priority transport under the realized outage conditions. The underlying formulation uses a preparedness-response decomposition with scenario-based post-disruption evaluation. Numerical experiments on a 20-node system with four EVs and four critical facilities report a representative 14:00–18:00 blackout realization, in which a resilience-aware V2G policy outperforms a profit-oriented V2G strategy. Compared with profit-oriented control, the proposed policy increases passenger service from 46.8% to 54.8%, priority-trip fulfillment from 60.0% to 80.0%, and critical-load supply from 38.4% to 42.6%, while also improving blackout-onset fleet SOC and the day-level objective value through faster recovery. The results indicate that V2G supports urban resilience only when reserve energy and vehicle positioning are explicitly coordinated across preparedness and post-disruption response.