An Integrated Simulation Framework for Evaluating Multimodal Mobility-as-a-Service Systems

Abstract

Existing Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) simulation studies often lack full integration between dynamic demand generation and multimodal supply coordination, limiting their ability to capture realistic demandsupply interactions across transport modes. This study presents an integrated simulation framework that combines activity-based travel demand generation using SimMobility, mesoscopic traffic simulation with Aimsun, and a centralized MaaS controller to coordinate multimodal services. The framework is implemented on a virtual urban network modeled after Singapore. Experiments indicate that MaaS subscription offering discounted public transport fares shifts users toward public transport, reduces overall road usage, and improves Mobility-on-Demand service performance. At the same time, public transport systems accommodate the increased demand without loss of service quality. The proposed framework captures key cross-modal interactions and provides a practical tool for evaluating MaaS policies under realistic urban conditions.