Where are Cars Parked at Home? Determinants of Residential Parking Location Choice

Abstract

This paper uses data from the 2023 German national travel survey to investigate residential parking location choice. A two-step modeling framework has been developed using multinomial logit models. The results show that spatial characteristics and intra-household consistency are the most influential determinants, whereas vehicle and household attributes play a minor role. Overall, private off-street parking dominates, though significant variation exists across urban contexts and socioeconomic groups. The proposed methodology can be transferred to other national travel surveys and integrated into agent-based travel demand models to improve mode choice modeling, thus supporting the design of more effective transport policies.